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How to Convert Fahrenheit to Kelvin

Fahrenheit and Kelvin are two common temperature scales. The Fahrenheit scale is used in the United States, while Kelvin is an absolute temperature scale, used worldwide for scientific calculations. While you might think this conversion wouldnt occur much, it turns out there is a lot of scientific and engineering equipment that uses the Fahrenheit scale! Fortunately, it is easy to convert Fahrenheit to Kelvin. Fahrenheit to Kelvin Method #1 Subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature.Multiply this number by 5.Divide this number by 9.Add 273.15 to this number. The answer will be the temperature in Kelvin. Note that while Fahrenheit has degrees, Kelvin does not. Fahrenheit to Kelvin Method #2 You can use the conversion equation to perform the calculation. This is especially easy if you have a calculator that allows you to enter the whole equation, but its not difficult to solve by hand. TK (TF 459.67) x 5/9 For example, to convert 60 degrees Fahrenheit to Kelvin: TK (60 459.67) x 5/9 TK 288.71 K Fahrenheit to Kelvin Conversion Table You can also estimate a temperature by looking up the closest value on a conversion table. There is a temperature where the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales read the same temperature. Fahrenheit and Kelvin read the same temperature at 574.25. Fahrenheit (Â °F) Kelvin (K) -459.67 Â °F 0 K -50 Â °F 227.59 K -40 Â °F 233.15 K -30 Â °F 238.71 K -20 Â °F 244.26 K -10 Â °F 249.82 K 0 Â °F 255.37 K 10 Â °F 260.93 K 20 Â °F 266.48 K 30 Â °F 272.04 K 40 Â °F 277.59 K 50 Â °F 283.15 K 60 Â °F 288.71 K 70 Â °F 294.26 K 80 Â °F 299.82 K 90 Â °F 305.37 K 100 Â °F 310.93 K 110 Â °F 316.48 K 120 Â °F 322.04 K 130 Â °F 327.59 K 140 Â °F 333.15 K 150 Â °F 338.71 K 160 Â °F 344.26 K 170 Â °F 349.82 K 180 Â °F 355.37 K 190 Â °F 360.93 K 200 Â °F 366.48 K 300 Â °F 422.04 K 400 Â °F 477.59 K 500 Â °F 533.15 K 600 Â °F 588.71 K 700 Â °F 644.26 K 800 Â °F 699.82 K 900 Â °F 755.37 K 1000 Â °F 810.93 K Do Other Temperature Conversions Converting Fahrenheit to Kelvin is not the only temperature conversion you may need to be familiar with. You may want to learn to convert between Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin in any combination Celsius to FahrenheitFahrenheit to CelsiusCelsius to KelvinKelvin to FahrenheitKelvin to Celsius

Victims Of Dissociative Identity Disorder - 1927 Words

Childhood trauma. In modern times, it is generally accepted that dissociative identity disorder is caused by heavy stress or enormous trauma in a person’s childhood. Usually involving unpredictable and unexplained behaviors as well as poor communication, these events are usually caused by adults who play a significant role in the victim’s life; such as parents, siblings, or other important family members. During this time of neglect, if a young child is not receiving support or care in their time of need, they are susceptible to developing this disorder. This inadequate parenting is usually consistent with the family tree. As a result, poor behaviors are taught and passed down to children, which has the potential to lead to the development of psychological disorders. (Cohen, 2004, p. 220) Victims of dissociative identity disorder experience the inability to recall damaging memories due to the severity of the trauma. To them, it is the last seemingly reasonable solution in order to escape an undesirable situation. For instance, the inconsistent patterns of abuse at an early age causes the child to become confused and fearful of these events, because they do not typically understand them, resulting in feelings of inadequacy. The effect is that the child does not develop a core sense of self. At this point, the child’s mind could begin to dissociate any pain or emotional wounds in order to avoid the internal phobia, which, in this case, would be the abusive and unwantedShow MoreRelatedAbnormal Psychology : Dissociative Identity Disorder1623 Words   |  7 PagesAbnormal Psychology: Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder, previously referred to as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a psychological illness that has raised a lot of controversy and led researchers to question its validity. This disorder has been recorded as early as the 1800’s, but has recently been given more attention to by clinical researchers because of its diagnosis rates. The brain is a very complex organ and certain traumas can lead to the occurrence of this illnessRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder And Schizophrenia893 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"People with mental health problems are almost never dangerous. In fact, they are more likely to be the victims than the perpetrators. At the same time, mental illness has been the common denominator in one act of mass violence after another.† There is a misconception that mental disorders such as dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia are the same. Today’s society often see all mental disorders as one, however, they are very much different. If one was to say someone with multiple personalitiesRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Disorder )1194 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder is a disorder distinguished by the existence of two or more distinct personality states. It is also known as DID or Multiple Personality Disorder. It is very rare, with only 20,000 to 200,000 known US cases per year. Currently, there is no known cure, but treatment can sometimes help. Many believe that DID can be caused by a significant trauma and is used as a coping mechanism to help avoid bad memories. The disorders most often form in kids victim to long-term physicalRead MoreMultiple Personalities Disorder Analysis1037 Words   |  5 PagesMultiple Personality Disorders (MPD), or what has been re-classified, Dissociative Idenitfy Disorder (DID), is a deliberating and frightening illness for the DID individual; as well as their friends and family. The meaning of DID (Dissoiative Idenit y Disorder) usually means that a person has more than two self-states or identities, which often times appear like entirely different personalities. When one is under the control of one identity, the person usually is unable to remember some of the eventsRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder and Communication Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss ways in which those diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) attempt to communicate with their co-personalities, also how those with DID sort through the multi-personality layers within themselves to aim for a sense of normality, calmness and co-existence. Communication is an important part of those diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorders. DID can commonly be described as a severe condition in which two or more distinct identities, or personality states, are present in—andRead MoreSummary Of Me, Myself, And Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesMe, Myself Irene Dissociative Disorder Jose Lugo, Jacob Rose, and Arturo Valdez Eagle Pass High School  Abstract The movie Me, Myself Irene gives a great example of the Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). The disorder is displayed by the main character Charlie, a cop, and has an alter named Hank. Charlie and Hank are in the same body, but have completely different personalities. This is exactly what DID is defined as, but there are some inaccuracies throughout that have a different, moreRead MoreAnxiety, Mood, and Somatoforms982 Words   |  4 PagesAnxiety, Mood, Somatoform Disorders PSY 410 December 12, 2011 R. Keith Franklin LPC.S Anxiety, Mood, Somatoform Disorders The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is a reference book compiled by different experts to include psychiatrist, psychologists, and nurses. The DSM was created to provide a helpful guide to clinical practices and to serve as an educational tool for teaching psychopathology. The DSM classifies mental disorders in five areas called Axis’s. The areasRead MoreOutline for Dissociative Disorder Essays859 Words   |  4 PagesDissociative Disorders 1.What are Dissociative Disorders? a.Conditions that involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness, identity and/or perception. b.People with dissociative disorders chronically escape their reality in involuntary, unhealthy ways ranging from suppressing memories to assuming alternate identities.    2.The three types of Dissociative Disorders a.Dissociative Amnesia b.Dissociative Identity Disorder c.Dissociative Fugue    3.Signs and Symptoms a.SymptomsRead MorePsychiatric And Psychological Records Of Dissociative Identity Disorder1530 Words   |  7 Pagesaltogether in psychiatric and psychological records of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID); previously called Multiple Personality Disorder. Dissociative Identity Disorder exists as a peculiar mental disorder in which a person possesses two or more evident and distinctive personalities. Through accounts like the movie Sybil, this disorder received much attention worldwide completely altering our previous ideas about Multiple Identity Disorder. The movie Sybil is based on a true story of a shy, collegeRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence And Sexual Abuse Essay1080 Words   |  5 Pageswho are abusers to remain distant from and minimize sympathy toward their victims. Additionally, there is a higher rate of dissociation disorders among intimate partner violence survivors and perpetrators. The objective of the study performed by Webermann, Brand, and Chasson in 2004 was to see how prevalent intimate partner violence is among those who commit childhood maltreatment. To gather this data, dissociative disorder clinicians reported on the rates of childhood maltreatment and intimate

End of the 20th Century Matrix Essay - 621 Words

University of Phoenix Material End of the 20th Century Matrix Choose ten items from the following list and identify their significance during the 1990s and beyond: |Earned Income Tax Credit |Economic prosperity under Clinton | |E-mail |Creating a budget surplus | |NAFTA |The Internet and the World Wide Web | |Telecommunications |The Brady Bill | |Somalia and Rwanda†¦show more content†¦An email made communication virtually instantaneous. The introduction of| | |emailing was the beginning of evolution. | |Cell Phones |Cell phones had a profound impact on when and where people could communicate with others. There was no more | | |waiting until you got back home to a landline to see if there was an emergency. It made communication with | | |others instantaneous, no matter where you were. Of course, they were nowhere near as discreet as they are in| | |this day and age. | |Internet Marketing |Internet marketing has and still is a huge asset to the marketing industry. Before this, Businesses used | | |newspapers, flyers, commercials to get their product or message across. Companies were able to reach more | | |people than before using the techniques of previous. | |Internet and the World Wide Web |The Internet and World Wide Web was an extremely useful tool that is still utilized today. In 1993 the World|Show MoreRelatedThe Novel, 1984, By George Orwell923 Words   |  4 Pagesof all time, The Matrix. Both the novel and the movies depicted post apocalyptic dystopian worlds under some form of an oppressive government. Oppression, control, and sexuality are some of the prominent themes throughout the storylines. While some may argue that the novel 1984 did not inspire the Wachowski brothers, many clear similarities, but also differences, lie within the script of the trilogy. 1984 is thought to be one of the greatest dystopian works in the 20th century. Orwell wrote theRead MoreThe Major Events Of The 20Th Century Were Characterized1612 Words   |  7 PagesThe major events of the 20th century were characterized by devastating political experiences of wars and totalitarianisms that were born out of the shifts in philosophical, social, political and economic ideologies and movements across many regions of the world. During this time in history, communism took root in many states where people took control of the economies in order to establish a communist society that was based on a social economic order that was structured upon common ownership of theRead MoreComparing Different Media: Matrix, TS Eliots A Journey of the Magi and Ralph Emersons Self Reliance1058 Words   |  4 PagesCompare the Matrix with Self Reliance and the Journey of Magi Introduction A common challenge that most people will go through is carefully examining their lives in contrast to the world they live in. This is because they will see conformity as a poison that will harm their ability to think and have greater control over themselves. The Matrix, Self Reliance and the Journey of the Magi are a critical reflection of these ideas over the course of time. To fully understand how all three works areRead MoreAnalytical Mathematics: Matrices1506 Words   |  6 Pagesvariables can be placed in a single space. A matrix by itself though is useless, but when a number or equation is placed outside of it can now be multiplied. If a matrix is placed next to another matrix then the possibilities and problems that can be solved are almost endless of what can be accomplished. A matrix can be added, subtracted, multiplied, divided, and can have the inverse taken out of it. When a matrix is placed parallel to another matrix separated by a plus symbol, one very importantRead MoreThe Power of the Customers in the Automobile Industry Essay729 Words   |  3 Pages1. The power of Customer There are two categories of customers in the automobile industry: final customer, the actual users of the end product and industry’s customer, for instance manufacture company buying the necessary items from the supplier. The power of customer is the extent of an impact that the buyer has on a supplier or manufacturing business. Buyers are powerful if: †¢ Purchase of large volumes †¢ The product is standardized †¢ Low switching costs †¢ Price sensitive †¢ Threat of backward integrationRead MoreCharles Fayol And Max Weber Relevant Today s World1303 Words   |  6 Pagescorporate environment, but â€Å"are the early management theories espoused by such proponents as Henri Fayol, Mary Parker Follett and Max Weber relevant in today s world?† All three of these historical figures were pioneers in management early in the 20th century, all came from extremely different backgrounds and even continents. They had very different priorities when it came to management, starting with Henri Fayol. Fayol was a French mining engineer, his theories were made independently of scientificRead MoreThe Origin Of Ethical Principles Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pages-1 as a state of chaotic anarchy emerges. Therefore, it becomes rational for both players to comply with ethics, as both individuals receive greatest payoff with the least risk. The above strategy can be simplified to the following trade-off matrix, where C refers a strategy of compliance and D, a strategy of defection of ethical principles. 1E1 22 C D With this, it becomes clear why ethics is so pervasive in human reality. It is simply the most rational decision. Collective cooperationRead MoreContemporary Art And Artistic Practices1465 Words   |  6 Pageslike a leitmotif along the theory and history of art of the 20th century. One of the focal points in the development of artistic practices during the 20th century has been directly related to the idea of autonomy of art, a crucial issue in the shaping of artistic field, and condition that will be throw into crisis successively along art history. In this sense, the turning point of l art pour l art is an affirmation of art as an end in itself, and does not as a means to serve other purposes (scientificRead MoreEssay on Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment903 Words   |  4 Pagesfor separation between science and religion in his 1620 writing â€Å"Novum Organum†. The Enlightenment period, which was fueled by the Scientific revolution was also called the Age of Reason. The time period was between 1650 and 1800, lasting half a century past the Scientific Revolution. Both eras were based on fact, knowledge and reason as opposed to religion, much like the ancient Greco-Roman advancement. The enlightenment saw the formation of social sciences: anthropology, sociology, economicsRead MoreGender Roles In The Film Farewell My Concubine865 Words   |  4 PagesChina and Imperial China. However, as Dieyi was born a man, no matter how strong their relationship is, a modernized, post-imperial Chinese society cannot consent with his marriage to another man, thus his love, XiaoLou following the norms of society, ends up marrying marries Juxian, played by Gong Li. - Chinese stigma behind homosexuality: In Modern China, the subject of homosexuality was still a taboo and became a subject of open discussion in the early 1990s. There is no direct depiction of homosexuality

Political Identification Theory in Bulgaria-Samples for Students

Question: Develop a rough and ready theory of Party Identification. Taking the Case of Bulgaria, and considering only those who identify with one of the several major parliamentary represented parties, brainstorm to come up with some hypotheses that help to explain why some people think of themselves as Socialists, while others think of themselves as Liberals, supporters of GERB. Answer: Political Identification Theory in Bulgaria The following write up is development of political party identification theory in Bulgaria. The theory will hypothesis on dependent variables that make people identify themselves as Socialist, Nationalist or Liberal within a countrys political parties. The parties in Bulgaria are GERB, Patriotic Block, and BSP. These parties represent a big deal of ideologies such GERB is conservative, BSP is socialist, and Patriotic Block is an alliance of Nationalists1. GERB has 95 parliament seats out of the total 240 and a popular vote of 32%. GERB is the most popular party and is lead by Boyko Borisov who is the incumbent prime mister of Bulgarian. BSP is an acronym for Bulgarian Socialist Party which is the second popular party in Bulgaria with 27%. BSP has 80 seats out of the total 240 seats in Bulgarian Parliament and is the official opposition party in the country. Patriotic block Party is made of nationalist electoral alliance from different political parties in Bulgaria. These alliances in clude National Front Salvation of Bulgarian and Bulgarian National Movement. The party has no parliamentary seat and only has one seat in the European Parliament. The Party had 19 parliamentary seats in 2014 with a popular vote of 7.29%2. The following theory hypothesizes that a person age, economic-classes, religion, and ethnic belonging determine the party identification of an individual to Socialist, Nationalist or Liberal as the ideologies are represented by the countrys political parties. Age in this theory refers to an independent variable on the age category of an individual that can either be 18-35, 36-55, 56-over. People in different age category have different perception and have different priorities that define their identity. Young people (18-35) are energetic, ambitious (think of a perfect world) and open to new ideas in life that lead to a political party alignment in liberalizationn3. People between the age of 36 and 50 are parents and focus much of their energy to preparing better future for their children. This age category wants stable economy, resources, and opportunities to better themselves and the country. This age category therefore aligns to political parties with Nationalism or Socialism ideol ogy. Old people are conservative and admire socialism and conservative ideologies. The economic class in the theory refers to financial base of an individual or family that influences person ideologies. Economic classes in Bulgaria are; low class (poor), middle class and rich. Rich people are attracted liberalism and conservative ideologies while poor people are attracted by socialism4. An individual ethnicity refers to distinct individual dialect or origin and is part of Bulgaria. The Bulgaria languages include Bulgarian who is the majority, followed by Turkish at 9.6%, Roma at 4.1% and other at 1%. The majority ethnicity prefers conservative ideologies that protect their cultures and traditions while minorities prefer socialism ideologies than enhance inclusivity in the country5. The other independent variable is religion. Religion refers to an individual belief and worship. Bulgaria is a secular state and has several religions. They include; Christianity, Muslims and others. More than 80% of Bulgarian population belongs to Bulgarian Orthodox Church while 10% are Muslims and 12% do not identify themselves with any religion. Religious people are conservative and think in preserving traditions and culture and care for other people6. This makes them resistant or slow to change and mind about the society welfare that contribute to their political alignment to conservatives and socialist. Non religious people do not believe or think of supernatural power and therefore mind little about other people in the society. This lead to political identification with parties that is liberal. In summary, the theory therefore concludes that an individual supports political parties that align with their personal ideologies. References Berglund, Sten, ed. The handbook of political change in Eastern Europe. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013. Kopeck, Petr, Peter Mair, and Maria Spirova, eds. Party patronage and party government in European democracies. Oxford University Press, 2012. Kaneva, Nadia, and Delia Popescu. "National identity lite: Nation branding in post-Communist Romania and Bulgaria." International Journal of Cultural Studies 14, no. 2 (2011): 191-207. Sussman, Abigail B., Kristina Petkova, and Alexander Todorov. "Competence ratings in US predict presidential election outcomes in Bulgaria." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 49, no. 4 (2013): 771-775.Latcheva, Rossalina. "Nationalism versus patriotism, or the floating border? National identification and ethnic exclusion in post-communist Bulgaria." Journal of comparative research in anthropology and sociology 1, no. 2 (2010): 187. Spirova, Maria, and Boyka Stefanova. "The European dimension of minority political representation: Bulgaria and Romania compared." East European Politics and Societies 26, no. 1 (2012): 75-92.

Theatre Report Essay Research Paper It was free essay sample

Theatre Report Essay, Research Paper It was on Saturday October the 16th that I saw the drama called The Clearing in the McGinn/Cazale Theatre on Broadway and 76th above the Promenade theater. To be exact the theater was on the 4th floor and you had to take the lift and so walk up a flight to acquire to it. I went at that place by myself and I dressed up nice because I expected that everyone was traveling to dressed up nice, but to my astonishment everyone was dressed casually. I got there about 7:30 and when I walked up to the theater I did non see many people of my age waiting to see the drama. Most of the people were in-between aged. I got lucky because I got the last ticket and the topographic point was sold out that dark. Even though I got the last ticket it wasn t a bad place. We will write a custom essay sample on Theatre Report Essay Research Paper It was or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My place was located on the right side and in the in-between row. Approximately at 8:05 everyone started walking in because the drama was about to get down. I did so excessively. There was a adult male standing at the door look intoing the tickets and rending off the stubs. Then I proceed farther and on my manner I noticed a room which had many accountants sound sociables and etc I thought to myself that, that is likely the room, which controls all of the lighting and the sound effects. I could non happen my place so I asked the Ussher to demo me to my place. The seats were truly nice. They were covered with green velvet and spaced so you fit in comfortably. After I sat down I looked about and noticed that there were merely two subdivisions of seats straight placed at high angle in forepart of the phase. The phase was a regular apron phase that is it looked like a image frame. This apron phase did non hold a lip on it. Then I looked about on the phase and it had a wood floor like a cabin. The floor boards were non nailed near to each other. The boards were painted in a brown colour and some parts of the floor were painted to look like it is spots of grass and soil. There weren t many things or props placed on the floor except for a dead tree. There were other things on the phase but I did non see them as props. They were boards that looked like doors behind the tr EE and on the sides. I guessed that they were at that place for barricading and used to stand for walls. All of a sudden the visible radiations went out went out about 8:15, everyone quieted down. The music started playing, it a dark and glooming music and it gave a sense that nil truly good is traveling to go on. Then the visible radiation from legion limelights filled the phase. When the visible radiations went on the actress was already standing by the dead tree. She stood there and watched into to the audience like there were no people at that place. She had a sad and a troubled look on her face, and she was have oning a dark frock that did non look like it wasn t really expensive that showed right off that she did non hold a high societal position. Her frock looked sort of Wyrd to me because it was a clip drama, and you don t see that sort of a frock today on people. It was large traveling close to the land and it was a dark colour. Ofcourse the adult females who had a higher societal position wore fancier frocks than the one I described now. The work forces were dressed funny excessively. Their bloomerss did non look to be sewed good so they looked sort of awkward. They besides wore pirate boots. One of the characters looked like Robin Hood because of the manner that he was dressed. I think that the illuming interior decorators did make a good occupation with the visible radiations. The different strengths and the different colourss were focused, turned on and off at the right clip to put the temper of the state of affairs that was performed for the populace. The limelights that were used were different non merely in the form but that some of them were old and others were new and really advanced like the 1s that could alter colour. The dramatis personae that was got together for the drama was really good. I think that the manufacturer did a good occupation in picking out the histrions for their parts. They reflected their characters well it was like they transformed and became the characters, portraying their emotions frights and everything else that they did. I liked the occupation that the histrions did but the drama itself the manner it unfolded was a small excessively predictable for me, but otherwise the drama and the other elements of the theater were good.

Service Providing Social Media Industry †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Within the context of value co-creation who has more power consumers or producers? Answer: Value co creation refers to the organizational strategy under which the customers or visitors of the company participate in helping the company in achieving organizational objective. Likewise, they help the organization by giving unique ideas which are implemented by the organization with an aim to fulfill the customers desire and to achieve organizational objective. But the ideas given shall be unique then only they will come into existence (Darmody 2009). The two steps to perform co creation in an organization are as follows: Contribution: the process of giving innovative ideas by the general public to the company. Selection: the process of selecting the most appropriate idea to initiate in the organizations performance management. An organization manly follow on of the four types of co creation formats listed below: Tinkering: under this method doing the contribution is the right of the customers whereas selection of adequate notion is the right of the company. Submitting: the company holds the power on both the processes that is contribution and selection. Co-designing: under this method contribution of idea is made through company whereas the customers decide which idea to choose. Collaboration: under this method majority of work is done by public that is both selection and contributions are made through public only (GARCA HARO, MARTNEZ RUIZ, MARTNEZ CAAS 2014). It is illogical to say that the value of creation helps only customers or producers to achieve benefit instead it gives power to both customers and producers to gain benefits from the services provided to them. As it is seen that the media is the fastest growing industry which is nowadays used by all people, the services provided the media industry are, providing news information and current affairs, upcoming trends and fashion, tool for entertainment etc. so it can be clearly seen that this industry is widely used by al for one or other purpose. To increase the profit under any sector they key is to make innovation in its process to gain competitive advantage. This industry works with innovation and also is a cost efficient industry (Grnroos 2011). The following are the benefits through which the power of a producer in co-creation of the company can be easily seen: The use of customer co creation can be easily understood with ample examples such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram etc. for instance if Facebook launches any kind of change on its application then the people using Facebook gets the opportunity to rate the change also provide their comments on the innovation made by the company. Also if the customers do not like the change or kind it inappropriate for then they can easily complaint or report the problem. This gives the customer an ease to use the services provided to them due to which they focus on using it more due to which the share of Facebook increases in the market (Karlseng, Ingholm 2016). As it is known that value co creation helps the company in achieving the goals and objectives defined for them. Also the major work in a media industry is done through technology and innovation, and the needs and wants of customers can be explained by no person better the customers themselves. Therefore there shall always be a way through which customer can customize the services received to them (Martnez-Caas, Ruiz-Palomino, Linuesa-Langreo, Blzquez-Resino 2016). This will retain the customers and create a competitive advantage to the company as well. Therefore, it can be said value co creation gives a power to the producers as it helps the producers in achieving the objective (Kaur Sahi, Sehgal, Sharma 2017). When it comes about power, the producer gets the power with the aid of creation in such a way, that with the guidance of its customers, the company gets to know about the trend prevailing in the market and the type of services which they expect from the company. And if such service are customized and provided to the customers they feel happy due to which the company gains the competitive edge. Thus it reduces competition, like earlier WhatsApp was a simple application for messaging but the emergence of new competitors in the market like Snapchat and Instagram, the companys share started getting decreases due to which they applied co-creation within the organization (KL Communications 2017). after this the company got to know the changes which a customer seek in their services, after implementing those change the company WhatsApp again started ruling the market. Thus it builds loyalty and trust of the customer on the product. Also co creating process makes the customer feel that they are also part of the organization due to which they insist the company to lead toward achievement of their goals through innovating ideas. Some off the benefits which media industry receives through application of value co creation are as follow: It helps the company in gaining the competitive edge by creating the product as per the choice of the customer. Due to which the company is able to create a brand loyalty and leave a long lasting effect on the mind of the customer (Labrec et.al 2013). The media industry will only work if the customer will trust on the news displayed on them and the best advertising tool in the media industry personal selling under a customer of the company advertises the services to another informal through informal ways. Thus this value co-creation helps the industry in getting diversified and flourish. If the obstacles of customers are being explained by themselves, then it becomes easy for the company to understand them redress them. The major activities of the social media industry in done online through internet therefore some people find it difficult to use them. Thus if their problems are directly received by the company addressed and contribution of idea is also made by the customer hence, the company can aim towards growth (Schau, Muiz, Arnould 2009). If the social media industry is aiming for expansion, then if they are using the tinkering tool for co-creating services in their organization then it will include the interest of the customers to contribute innovative ideas to the company and this will also provide power to the company in selection of the ideas provided to them. Thus will make the customers feel a bond towards the company which will make them loyal for their product and services. One of the methods of co-creation in sharing the experience of customers received by the use of their services through this method the industry can easily advertise their products by sharing the experiences on social media. Also this gives a benefit to the customers as it gives them a platform to share their views on the changes done by the company (Piller, Vossen, Ihl 2011). Apart from the powers received to company through co creation, the customers of the social media industry also enjoys certain benefits through. Thus the powers received to a company through customer co creation are as follows: As it was known that the customers are the kings of the market Also earlier the main purpose of any industry is to serve the customer through its products and services. But now with the change in time, both the customer and producer believe in sharing the idea and implementing them for the betterment of both. Thus the value co creation gives power to both customer and producer of the company to take decisions related to the company (The CoCreator 2017). In a social media industry the major benefit of co creation is that people get to see and know about things which they want to know, all the other irrelevant information are discarded. the way through which the social media industry is flourish is through technology and innovation and co creation is a way, an initiative to lead co creation, thus by the advice to customers of the company, the process of co creation is done in media industry. Another power which a customer receives through co creation is that they get to access all kinds of information and reach to satisfaction level through the services of the media industry (Zwass 2010). Thus, the case under which a customer usually enjoys he power in a media industry is as follows: While choosing a brand name of the new product, sharing experiences received t them, redressing the problems, creation of type of product or services, contribution in innovative ideas, advertisement functions etc. Thus, it can be clearly seen that there are many activities in an organization due to which the power of customer is also increased (Zwick, Bonsu, Darmody 2008). Co creation is a tool through which a person gets enough rights to enter in the working of an organization and share their experiences on the website. Also the media industry is a total experimental industry under which a company has to constantly update changes within organization. Therefore, they seek risk at an optimum level. Thus the company shall take a calculative risk, like if the innovation in done for the customer then shall only provide their idea for innovation and of innovation so that they can easily use them. The customer centric approach focuses on the value creation of the company under which the customer plays the key role in deciding the changes which shall be led by the company. thus under this approach the customer contributes the idea to the producer like when where and how the services shall be provided and how it will benefit the whole society on a whole (Rayna, Striukova, Darlington 2015). After analyzing to which the producer shall apply changes in the organ ization process. Thus it can be said that high quality if interaction can lead to great experiences and can help the company in achieving the organizational objective. Also it shall be noted that the power of customers become less in the process of customization, if compared to co creation. As under the method customization it is the will of the company to customize the services according to them or not, also this process is difficult to hold as different customers demand different kinds of customized services which the company can no provide (Prahalad, Ramaswamy 2004). But co-creation refers to the process of participation of consumers in creation of value in the marketplace which means the customers and the producer come together and works for the betterment and share equal powers. Also the process of co-creation brings freshness in the market as it motivates the whole industry to come together and work for the purpose of innovation and achievement of goals and objective. This can also help the organization in understanding the behavior of the consumers where to the consumers this process will help in connecting more with the company and becoming a part of it. Thus it can be said that the customers and producers both enjoy a great degree of power in their hands due t o the activity of co-creation held in their organization (Piller, Vossen, Ihl 2011). Thus along with the monetary benefits they enjoy intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to perform the value co creation activity in the organization and it make the environment more diversified. Apart from there are various risk relation to value co creation which are; risk to decay the brand image maintain- it might be possible for a company to lose the goodwill of the company by implementing one wrong idea provided by the customer, whereas another drawback is that it is not always necessary that the company receive good ideas sometimes they do not receive any qualitative or quantitative benefit from the value co creation (OHern, Rindfleisch 2010). Concluding to the above findings, it is known that there are various factors that drive a producer and a consumer to follow the method of co-creation. In a media industry there are various sectors under which implementation of creation can lead to major changes in the organization leading to performance management. Some of the example of co creation in media industry are, online voting, use of user generated content, like and comments on status, recommendation on updates etc. therefore it can said the company and customer both shares the power of value co creation in a company equally. References Darmody, A. 2009, Value Co-Creation and New Marketing viewed on July 20, 2017 from https://timreview.ca/article/302 GARCA HARO, M.., MARTNEZ RUIZ, M.P. MARTNEZ CAAS, R., 2014. The Effects of the Value Co-Creation Process on the Consumer and the Company.Expert Journal of Marketing,2(2), pp.68-81. Grnroos, C. 2011, 'Value co-creation in service logic: A critical analysis', Marketing Theory, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 279-301. Karlseng, E. Ingholm, H.O., 2016.Co-creation in the media industry(Master's thesis). Kaur Sahi, G., Sehgal, S. Sharma, R. 2017, "Predicting Customers Recommendation from Co-creation of Value, Customization and Relational Value", Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 19-35. KL Communications, 2017, The Importance of Co-Creating Value With Customers viewed on July 20, 2017 from https://www.klcommunications.com/co-creating-value-with-customers/ Labrec, L et.al 2013, Consumer Power: Evolution in the Digital Age, Journal of Interactive Marketing, vol. 27, pp. 257-269 Martnez-Caas, R., Ruiz-Palomino, P., Linuesa-Langreo, J. Blzquez-Resino, J.J., 2016. Consumer participation in co-creation: an enlightening model of causes and effects based on ethical values and transcendent motives.Frontiers in psychology,7. OHern, M.S. Rindfleisch, A., 2010. Customer co-creation. InReview of marketing research(pp. 84-106). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Piller, F.T., Vossen, A. Ihl, C., 2011. From social media to social product development: the impact of social media on co-creation of innovation. Prahalad, C.K., Ramaswamy, V 2004, 'Co-creation experiences: The next practice of value creation', Journal of Interactive Marketing, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 514. Rayna, T., Striukova, L. Darlington, J., 2015. Co-creation and user innovation: The role of online 3D printing platforms.Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,37, pp.90-102. Schau, H.J., Muiz, A.M. Arnould, E.J. 2009, 'How Brand Community Practices Create Value', Journal of Marketing, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 30-51 The CoCreator, 2017, COMPLETE CO-CREATION: THE 6 BENEFITS viewed on July 20, 2017 from https://www.thecocreators.com/6-benefits-complete-co-creation/ Zwass, V 2010, 'Co-creation: Towards a taxonomy and an integrated research perspective', International Journal of Electronic Commerce, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1148. Zwick, D., Bonsu, S. K., Darmody, A 2008, 'Putting consumers to work: Co-creation and new marketing govern-mentality', Journal of Consumer Culture, vol. 8, no 2, pp. 163- 196.

Investigation of the Reliability and Validity of the Perception of Teaching Profession Problems Scale

Summary The title of the current article is, â€Å"Investigation of the reliability and validity of the perception of teaching profession problems scale with a structural education model: a research on teacher† and it has been authored by Erol Kraca.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Investigation of the Reliability and Validity of the Perception of Teaching Profession Problems Scale specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Purpose of the study The purpose of the current study was to develop a reliable and valid likert scale that would prove useful in the determination of perceptions held by teachers in the various problems that they face in the teaching profession in Turkey. Hypotheses The emergence of information technology has had an impact on educational institutions and as a result, it has also affected the teaching profession. The education system and teachers in Turkey are yet to adapt social change occasion ed by information technology. The teaching profession in Turkey has been affected greatly by economic problems. Participants The participants of the current study were some 262 teachers that had been selected randomly form various cities in Turkey. For example, 160 teachers working in the city of Kutahya were selected. 38 teachers who participated in the study came from the city of Bursa, while 31 were selected from Burdur (Kraca, 2010). From the city of Ankara, 25 teachers were selected, while 5 came from the city of Eskisehir. Finally, the other 3 participants came from the city of Balikesir. Research Design The current study was exploratory in nature. It was intended to examine the perception of teachers regarding the problems that they are normally faced with daily in the teaching profession in Turkey (Kraca, 2010). This is the case because there is not much information that is available in literature regarding the issue at hand and for this reason the researcher may have deeme d it necessary to undertake this research in order to further shed light on the issue. In order to enable the researcher to collect the research data, use was made of a structured questionnaire. By administering the questionnaire to the participants of the study, the researcher would be in a position to obtain the much needed information to help him answer the research questions.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The study questionnaire consisted of two sections. The first part consisted of questions about the personal information (demographics) of the participant (Kraca, 2010). The second part of the questionnaire attempted to gain information regarding the perception of the respondents in as far as their perceptions on problems faced by teacher are concerned. Questions in the second part of the questionnaire were structured in the form of a five-point likert scale in order to enable t he researcher assess the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors of the respondents regarding the problems that they faced in the teaching profession. Data Analysis In order to analyze data, the researcher utilized LISREL and the statistical package SPSS (Kraca, 2010). Research Findings and Conclusion The development of the scale for the current study was accomplished in three stages. First, the researcher explored literature on teaching as a profession, along with the problems associated with this profession. The second stage involved a review of the instruments that would be used to measure the problem at hand. The final phase involved asking some 112 graduands of Dumlupinar university who were expected to graduate as teachers in the 2009/2010 academic year to write a composition in which they would reflect their thoughts, emotions as well as the problems that they felt posed a challenge to the teaching profession. According to the research findings, the scale used was both reliable and valid, based on the data collected from the respondents (Kraca, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Investigation of the Reliability and Validity of the Perception of Teaching Profession Problems Scale specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, upon repeating the validity and reliability studies, coupled with further analysis, the researcher realized that having the same characteristics in a form that had the different teachers from various sections of study would have gone a long way into helping to assess the structural validity. Critical Analysis The objective of the study has been stated clearly. However, the study’s hypotheses are not as direct, and one has to read through the paper carefully before noticing them. In addition, the author appears to combine future tense and present tense, which should not be the case with a study that has already been completed. For example, in the abstract, the re searcher has noted, â€Å"The questionnaire consists of two sections† (Kraca, 2010). Some of the sentences used in the study are somewhat vague, and this is indicative of lack of proper preparation in writing the paper. In addition, some of the words in the paper have also been misspelled, showing that the writer did not pay much attention to proofreading the final paper. We are also not told the rationale behind settling for the 262 respondents of the study, and why the number of teachers in the participating cities was distributed in the form provided by the study. The validity of the question is also in doubt because there is no mention of it having been pre-tested. Nonetheless, the demographic information of the participants has been presented and analyzed well. In addition, certain vital sections of the study are missing. For example, considering the nature of the study, there should be a section on ethical considerations, but this has not been captured. The researcher h as only mentioned that participants took part in the study out of their own volition. There should be mention of the study’s limitations and delimitations as well. Reference List Kraca, E. (2010). Investigation of the reliability and validity of the perception of teaching profession problems scale with a structural education model: a research on teachers. Education, 132(2), 262-272.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Investigation of the Reliability and Validity of the Perception of Teaching Profession Problems Scale was written and submitted by user Vicente Mayo to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hero or Zero Essay Example

Hero or Zero? Essay Norman Mailer once said, â€Å"For what does it mean to be a hero? It requires you to be prepared to deal with forces larger than yourself,† to be a hero means adequately confront forces and obstacles greater than yourself. In William Shakespeare’s play, The Tragedy of Macbeth, Macbeth is not a hero because he does not overcome forces that are greater than him. The three witches foresee Macbeth’s future as Thane of Cawdor and king. Once he becomes Thane of Cawdor, he also becomes ruthless and ambitious. He thinks the prophecy of becoming king will come true, as well. Macbeth’s ambition weakens him and forces him to kill King Duncan. One can see he is not a hero, but a tragic hero, this leading to his demise. â€Å"Per scelera simper sceleribus tutum est iter† –Agamemmnon. This quote means the safe way through crime is more crime. It pertains to Macbeth because his first crime brings him to future crime. Unlike the witches, there was also a powerful force in reality—Macduff. Macduff had an advantage over Macbeth from the apparitions made by the witches. The apparition of the floating head said, â€Å"Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Fear Macduff. Beware Thane of Fife. † (4. 1) The floating head foreshadows the murder of Macbeth. The apparition was a warning to Macbeth. Macduff is spurred on by his anger of Macbeth killing his family, and takes Macbeth’s life in return. As well as Macduff, Lady Macbeth can be included as a real and powerful force over Macbeth. Between Macbeth and his lady, she is stronger. â€Å"I would, while it was smiling in my face, have pluck’d my nipple from his boneless gums, and dash’d the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done to this. (1. 7) One can gather that from this quote, Lady Macbeth is comfortable with killing. Lady Macbeth is the mastermind of the murder, and convinces Macbeth into it. She attacks his manhood, â€Å"When you durst do it, then you were a man; And to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man. † (1. 7) She persuades Macbeth by belittling and verbally emasculating him. Macbeth gave in to her prodd ing and killed King Duncan. Deep down, every man has an innate ability to overcome obstacles and succeed, some greater than others. We will write a custom essay sample on Hero or Zero? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hero or Zero? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hero or Zero? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The difference between one who is overly ambitious or not, is how one controls their impulses to get what they want. Macbeth’s continual pursuit of power leaves him constantly wanting more control. He finds himself trying to fulfill this ambition at any cost, eventually leading him to his downfall. His hunger for power is insatiable and he succumbs to outside forces, such as Macduff who in the end kills him. For one to truly be a hero they must courageously face the odds, no matter how strong outside forces are. Macbeth did not courageously face outside forces, he was corrupted by them.

Theoretical Perspectives Essays

Theoretical Perspectives Essays Theoretical Perspectives Paper Theoretical Perspectives Paper Theoretical Perspectives The three main theoretical perspectives in sociologystructural-functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionismoffer insights into the nature, causes, and consequences of poverty and economic inequality. Structural-Functionalist Perspective According to the structural-functionalist perspective, poverty and economic inequality serve a number of positive functions for society. Decades ago, Davis and Moore (1945) argued that because the various occupational roles in society require different levels of ability, expertise, and knowledge, an unequal economic reward system helps to assure that the person who performs a particular role is the most qualified. As people acquire certain levels of expertise (e. g. , B. A. , M. A. , Ph. D. , M. D. ), they are progressively rewarded. Such a system, argued Davis and Moore (1945), motivates people to achieve by offering higher rewards for higher achievements. If physicians were not offered high salaries, for example, who would want to endure the arduous years of medical training and long, stressful hours at a hospital? The structural-functionalist view of poverty suggest that a certain amount of poverty has positive functions for society. Although poor people are often viewed as a burden to society, having a pool of low-paid, impoverished workers ensures that there will be people willing to do dirty, dangerous, and difficult work that others refuse to do. Poverty also provides employment for those who work in the poverty industry (such as welfare workers) and supplies a market for inferior goods such as older, dilapidated homes and automobiles (Gans, 1972). The structural-functionalist view of poverty and economic inequality has received a great deal of criticism from contemporary sociologists, who point out that many important occupational roles (such as child care workers) are poorly paid, whereas many individuals in nonessential roles (such as professional sports stars and entertainers) earn astronomical sums of money. Functionalism also accepts poverty as a necessary evil and ignores the roles of inheritance in the distribution of rewards. Conflict Perspective Conflict theorists regard economic inequality as resulting from the domination of the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) over the proletariat (workers). The bourgeoisie accumulate wealth as they profit from the labor of the proletariat, who earn wages far below the earnings of the bourgeoisie. The U. S. ducational institution further the ideals of capitalism by perpetuating the belief in equal opportunity, the American Dream, and the value of the work ethic. The proletariat, dependent on the capitalistic system, continue to be exploited by the wealthy and accept the belief that poverty is a consequence of personal failure rather than a flawed economic structure. Conflict theorists pay attention to how laws and policies benefit the wealthy and contribute to the gap between the have and the have not. Laws and policies that favor the richsometimes referred to as wealthfare or corporate welfareinclude low-interest government loans to failing businesses, special subsidies and tax breaks to corporations, and other laws and policies can deduct up to $1 million in mortgage interest. Lowering this ceiling to $250,000 would affect the wealthiest 5 percent of Americans, but would save taxpayers $10 billion a year (reported in Albelda Tilly, 1997). A 1998 Time magazine series of special reports on corporate welfare programs gave national visibility on the issue. In one report, Time revealed that between 1990 and 1997, Seaboard Corporation, an agribusiness corporate giant, received at least $150 million in economic incentives from federal, state, and local governments to build and staff poultry- and hog-processing plants in the United States, support its operations in foreign countries, and sell its products (Barlett Steele, 1998). Taxpayers picked up the tab not just for the corporate welfare, but also for the costs of new classrooms and teachers (for schooling the children of Seaboards employees, many of whom are immigrants), homelessness (due to the inability of Seaboards low-paid employees to afford housing), and dwindling property values resulting from smells of hog waste and rotting hog carcasses in areas surrounding Seaboards hog plants. Meanwhile, wealthy investors in Seaboard have earned millions in increased stock values. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Symbolic interactionism focuses on how meanings, labels, and definitions affect and are affected by social life. This view calls attention to ways in which wealth and poverty are defined and the consequences of being labeled as poor. Individuals who are viewed as poorespecially those receiving public assistance (i. e. , welfare)are often stigmatized as lazy; irresponsible; and lacking in abilities, motivation, and moral values. Wealthy individuals, on the other hand, tend to be viewed as capable, motivated, hard-working, and deserving of their wealth. Definitions of wealth and poverty vary across societies and across time. For example, the Dinka are the largest ethnic group in the sub-Sahara African country of Sudan. By global standards, the Dinka are among the poorest of the poor, being among the least modernized people of the world. In the Dinka culture, wealth is measured in large part according to how many cattle a person owns. But, to the Dinka, cattle have a social, mortal, and spiritual value as an an economic value. In Dinka culture, a man pays an average bridewealth of 50 cows to the family of his bride. Thus, men use cattle to obtain a wife to beget children, especially sons, to ensure continuity of their ancestral lineage and, according to Dinka religious beliefs, their linkage with God. Although modernized populations might label the Dinka as poor, the Dinka view themselves as wealthy. As one Dinka elder explained, It is for cattle that we are admired, we, the Dinka All over the world, people look to us because of cattle ecause of our great wealth; and our wealth is cattle (Deng, 1998, p. 107). Deng (1998) notes that many African people who are poor by U. S. standards resist being labeld as poor. The symbolic interactionist perspective emphasizes that norms, values, and beliefs are learned through social interaction. Social interaction also influences the development of ones self-concept. Lewis (1966) argued that, over time, the poor develop norms, values, and beliefs and self-concepts that contribute to their own plight. According to Lewis, the culture of poverty is characterized by female-centered households, an emphasis on gratification in the present rather than in the future, and a relative lack of participation in societys major institutions. The people of the culture of poverty have a strong feeling of marginality, of helplessness, of dependency, of not belonging Along with this feeling of powerlessness is a widespread feeling of inferiority, of personal unworthiness (Lewis, 1998, p. ). Early sexual activity, early marriage, and unmarried parenthood are considered normal and acceptable among individuals living in a culture of poverty. Certain groups, according to this view, remain poor over time as the culture of poverty is transmitted from one generation to the next. Critics of the culture of poverty approach argue that it blames the victim rather than the structure of society for poverty, justifies the status quo, and perpetuates inequality (Ryan, 19

Yeha - Saba (Sheba) Kingdom Site in Ethiopia

Yeha - Saba' (Sheba) Kingdom Site in Ethiopia Yeha is a large Bronze Age archaeological site located about 15 miles (25 km) northeast of the modern town of Adwa in Ethiopia. It is the largest and most impressive archaeological site in the Horn of Africa showing evidence of contact with South Arabia, leading some scholars to describe Yeha and other sites as precursors to the Aksumite civilization. Fast Facts: Yeha Yeha is a large Bronze Age site in the Ethiopian Horn of Africa, established in the first millennium BCE.  Surviving structures include a temple, an elite residence and a set of rock-cut shaft tombs.  The builders were Sabaean, people from an Arabian kingdom in Yemen, thought to be the ancient land of Sheba. The earliest occupation at Yeha dates to the first millennium BCE. Surviving monuments include a well-preserved Great Temple, a palace perhaps an elite residence called Grat Beal Gebri, and the Daro Mikael cemetery of rock-cut shaft-tombs. Three artifact scatters probably representing residential settlements have been identified within a few kilometers of the main site but have not to date been investigated. The builders of Yeha were part of the Sabaean culture, also known as Saba, speakers of an old South Arabian language whose kingdom was based in Yemen and who are thought to have been what the Judeo-Christian bible names as the land of Sheba, whose powerful Queen is said to have visited Solomon. Chronology at Yeha Yeha I: 8th–7th centuries BCE. Earliest structure located at the palace at Grat Beal Gebri; and a small temple where the Great Temple would be constructed later.Yeha II: 7th–5th centuries BCE. Great Temple and the palace at Grat Beal Gebri built, elite cemetery at Daro Mikael begun.Yeha III: Late first millennium BCE. Late phase of construction at Grat Beal Gebri, tombs T5 and T6 at Daro Mikael. Great Temple of Yeha The Great Temple of Yeha is also known as the Almaqah Temple because it was dedicated to Almaqah, the moon god of the Saba kingdom. Based on construction similarities to others in the Saba region, the Great Temple was likely built in the 7th century BCE. The 46x60 foot (14x18 meter) structure stands 46 ft (14 m) high and was constructed of well-made ashlar (cut stone) blocks measuring up to 10 ft (3 m) long. The ashlar blocks fit together tightly without mortar, which, say scholars, contributed to the structures preservation over 2,600 years after it was built. The temple is surrounded by a cemetery and enclosed by a double wall. Foundation fragments of an earlier temple have been identified beneath the Great Temple and likely date to the 8th century BCE. The temple is located on an elevated location next to a Byzantine church (built 6th c CE) which is higher still. Some of the temple stones were borrowed to build the Byzantine church, and scholars suggest there may have been an older temple where the new church was built. Construction Characteristics The Great Temple is a rectangular building, and it was marked by a double-denticulate (toothed) frieze that still survives in places on its northern, southern, and eastern faà §ades. The faces of the ashlars display typical Sabaean stone masonry, with smoothed margins and a pecked center, similar to those at the Saba kingdom capitals such as the Almaqah Temple at Sirwah and the Awam Temple in Marib. In front of the building was a platform with six pillars (called a propylon), which provided access to a gate, a broad wooden door frame, and double doors. The narrow entrance led to an interior with five aisles created by four rows of three squarish pillars. The two side aisles in the north and south were covered by a ceiling and above it was a second story. The central aisle was open to the sky. Three wooden-walled chambers of equal size were located at the eastern end of the temple interior. Two additional cultic rooms extended out from the central chamber. A drainage system leading to a hole in the southern wall was inserted into the floor to assure that the temple interior was not flooded by rainwater. Palace at Grat Be'al Gebri The second monumental structure at Yeha is named Grat Beal Gebri, sometimes spelled as Great Baal Guebry. It is located a short distance from the Great Temple but in a comparatively poor state of preservation. The buildings dimensions were likely 150x150 ft (46x46 m) square, with a raised platform (podium) of 14.7 ft (4.5 m) high, itself built of volcanic rock ashlars. The exterior faà §ade had projections at the corners. The front of the building once also had a propylon with six pillars, the bases of which have been preserved. The stairs leading up to the propylon are missing, although the foundations are visible. Behind the propylon, there was a huge gate with a narrow opening, with two massive stone doorposts. Wooden beams were inserted horizontally along the walls and penetrating into them. Radiocarbon dating of the wooden beams dates construction between early 8th–late 6th centuries BCE. Necropolis of Daro Mikael The cemetery at Yeha consists of six rock-cut tombs. Each tomb was accessed via a staircase along 8.2 ft (2.5 m) deep vertical shafts with one grave chamber on each side. The entrances to the tombs were originally blocked by rectangular stone panels, and other stone panels sealed the shafts at the surface, and then all was covered by a mound of stone rubble. A stone enclosure fenced in the tombs, although it is unknown whether they were roofed or not. The chambers were up to 13 ft (4 m) in length and 4 ft (1.2 m) in height and were originally used for multiple burials, but all were looted in antiquity. Some displaced skeletal fragments and broken grave goods (clay vessels and beads) were found; based on grave goods and similar tombs at other Saba sites, the tombs probably date to the 7th–6th c BCE. Arabian Contacts at Yeha Yeha period III has traditionally been identified as a pre-Axumite occupation, based primarily on the identification of evidence for contact with South Arabia. Nineteen fragmentary inscriptions on stone slabs, altars and seals have been found at Yeha written in a South Arabian script. However, excavator Rodolfo Fattovich notes that the South Arabian ceramics and related artifacts recovered from Yeha and other sites in Ethiopia and Eritrea are a small minority and do not support the presence of a consistent South Arabian community. Fattovich and others believe that these do not represent a precursor to the Axumite civilization. The first professional studies at Yeha involved a small excavation by the Deutsche Axum-Expedition in 1906, then part of the Ethiopian Institute of Archaeology excavations in the 1970s led by F. Anfrayin. In the 21st century, investigations have been conducted by the Sanaa Branch of the Orient Department of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) and the Hafen City University of Hamburg. Sources Fattovich, Rodolfo, et al. Archaeological Expedition at Aksum (Ethiopia) of the University of Naples Lorientale - 2010 Field Season: Seglamen. Naples: Universit degli studi di Napoli LOrientale, 2010. Print.Harrower, Michael J., and A. Catherine D’Andrea. Landscapes of State Formation: Geospatial Analysis of Aksumite Settlement Patterns (Ethiopia). African Archaeological Review 31.3 (2014): 513–41. Print.Japp, Sarah, et al. Yeha and Hawelti: Cultural Contacts between Saba and Dmt; New Research by the German Archaeological Institute in Ethiopia. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 41 (2011): 145–60. Print.Lindstaedt, M., et al. Virtual Reconstruction of the Almaqah Temple of Yeha in Ethiopia by Terrestrial Laser Scanning. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 38.5/W16 (2011): 199–203. Print.Phillipson, David W. Foundations of an African Civilisation: Aksum the Northern Horn 1000 BC–A D 1300. Suffolk, Great Britain: James Currey, 2012. Print. Wolf, Pawel, and Ulrike Nowotnick. The Almaqah Temple of . Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 40 (2010): 367–80. Print.Meqaber Gaewa near Wuqro (Tigray, Ethiopia)

Giotto di Bondone - Father of the Renaissance

Giotto di Bondone - Father of the Renaissance Giotto di Bondone was known for being the earliest artist to paint more realistic figures rather than the stylized artwork of the medieval and Byzantine eras Giotto is considered by some scholars to be the most important Italian painter of the 14th century.  His focus on emotion and natural representations of human figures would be emulated and expanded upon by successive artists, leading Giotto to be called the Father of the Renaissance. Places of Residence and Influence Italy: Florence Important Dates Born: c. 1267Died: Jan. 8, 1337 Quotation from Giotto Every painting is a voyage into a sacred harbor. About Giotto di Bondone Though many stories and legends have circulated about Giotto and his life, very little can be confirmed as fact. He was born in Colle di Vespignano, near Florence, in 1266 or 1267- or, if Vasari is to be believed, 1276. His family was probably farmers. Legend has it that while he was tending goats he drew a picture on a rock and that the artist Cimabue, who happened to be passing by, saw him at work and was so impressed with the boys talent that he took him into his studio as an apprentice.  Whatever the actual events, Giotto appears to have been trained by an artist of great skill, and his work is clearly influenced by Cimabue. Giotto is believed to have been short and ugly. He was personally acquainted with Boccaccio, who recorded his impressions of the artist and several  stories of his wit and humor; these were included by Giorgio Vasari in the chapter on Giotto  in his  Lives of the Artists.  Giotto  was married and at the time of his death, he was survived by at least six children. The Works of Giotto There exists no documentation to confirm any artwork as having been painted by Giotto di Bondone. However, most scholars agree on several of his paintings. As an assistant to Cimabue, Giotto is believed to have worked on projects in Florence and other places in Tuscany, and in Rome. Later, he also traveled to Naples and Milan. Giotto almost undoubtedly painted the Ognissanti Madonna (currently in the Uffizi in Florence) and the fresco cycle in the Arena Chapel (also known as the Scrovegni Chapel)  at Padua, considered by some scholars to be his masterwork.  In Rome, Giotto is believed to have created  the mosaic of  Christ Walking on the Water  over the entrance to St. Peter’s, the  altarpiece at the  Vatican Museum, and  the fresco of  Boniface VIII Proclaiming the Jubilee  in  St. John Lateran.   Perhaps his best-known work is that done in Assisi, in the Upper Church of San Francesco: a cycle of 28 frescoes depicting the life of Saint Francis of Assisi. This monumental work depicts the entire life of the saint, instead of isolated events, as had been the tradition in ​earlier medieval artwork. The authorship of this cycle, like most of the works attributed to Giotto, has been called into question; but it is very likely that he not only worked in the church but designed the cycle and painted most of the frescoes. Other important works by Giotto include the Sta Maria Novella Crucifix, completed sometime in the 1290s, and the Life of St. John the Baptist fresco cycle, completed c. 1320. Giotto was also known as a sculptor and architect. Though there is no concrete evidence for these assertions, he was appointed chief architect of the workshop of Florence cathedral in 1334. The Fame of Giotto Giotto was a much-sought-after artist during his lifetime. He appears in works by his contemporary  Dante  as well as  Boccaccio.  Vasari said of him, Giotto restored the link between art and nature. Giotto di Bondone died in Florence, Italy, on January 8, 1337. More Giotto di Bondone Resources Painting of Giotto by Paolo UccelloBooks on Giotto include Giottoby  Francesca Flores dArcais Giotto(Taschen Basic Art)by Norbert Wolf Giotto(DK Art Books)by  Dorling Kindersley Giotto: The Founder of Renaissance ArtHis Life in Paintingsby  DK Publishing Giotto: The Frescoes of the Scrovegni Chapel in Paduaby Giuseppe Basile Giotto di Bondone on the Web WebMuseum: Giotto Extensive examination of Giottos life and work by Nicolas Pioch. Renaissance Art and Architecture

One page summary ISO9000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

One page summary ISO9000 - Essay Example Various types of documents are required for ISO 9000 certification. Apart from the details of quality management systems, details of management responsibility, resource management, production realization, Measurement, analysis and improvement etc are required to submit by a company if it applies for ISO 9000 certification. The 1994 version of ISO certification emphasized quality assurance via preventive actions, instead of just checking final product whereas the 2000 version of ISO 9000 certification brought the concept of process management front and center (Process management" was the monitoring and optimizing of a companys tasks and activities, instead of just inspecting the final product). ISO does not itself certify organizations; but it provides certification through the accreditation bodies and certification bodies formed in different countries. These bodies charge some fees for giving ISO certification. ISO certification can create a more efficient, effective operation, incre ase customer satisfaction and retention, reduce audits, enhance marketing, improve employee motivation, awareness, and morale, promote international trade, increases profit and reduce waste. At the same time in order to get ISO certification an organization should spent a substantial amount of money, time and also it requires massive paperwork for

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 32

Discussion - Assignment Example In the event of establishing customer satisfaction, the employees seemed accurate in delivering their obligations towards the clientele groups (8-6). The mode of efficiency, cross-cultural teamwork, and value-added approaches inscribed through training was serviceable as their practices matched the strategies of the organization. The group seemed to have the ability to gain new orientations, which when applied led to value propositions and customer satisfaction (9-12). The evaluation process and the performance appraisal plans undertaken on a quarterly and annual basis deciphered knowledge that the group was devoted to deliver their tasks in exchange of the set goals and objectives. Eventually, the employees deserved the top five rankings due to their unified approaches in performances. They revealed a level of aggression towards the implementation of sound decisions. The group gained the ability to respond to customer needs through researches with an aim of acquiring innovative alternatives. Customers revealed their satisfaction in the acquired services through the collected reviews (10-13). Lastly, the appraisal revealed that the top five personnel bore the desired experience and knowledge in their specific careers thus; they had the ability to react towards any challenges, monitor the customer segments, and implement the acquired skill gained in the training for the organization’s

Egypt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Egypt - Essay Example The Giza Pyramids are a symbol of Egyptian beauty and charm and tourists remember Egypt with the picture of the great pyramids in mind. Indeed these pyramids are one of the wonders of the world. (Rosalie, 1997) Around 8000 BC, the Sahara Desert was formed due to the desiccation of the pastoral lands within the country. By about 6000 BC, the Neolithic culture started to have its roots within the Nile valley. There have existed a number of different dynasties within Egypt since time immemorial. As far as the geography of Egypt is concerned, it is the world’s 38th largest country and its size is comparable to that of Tanzania. Most of the population within Egypt lives around the Nile valley and Delta since the climate is conducive enough for populations to settle around these areas only. Around 99% of the total population uses only 5.5% of the Egyptian land area. Its borders are shared by Libya on the west, Gaza strip and Israel on the East and Sudan on the south. Egypt’s strategic location makes it a very dominant player within the geopolitical scenario and its transcontinental location asks for significance in terms of forming a bridge between Asia and Africa. The climate of Egypt is usually dry and the country receives showers only in the winter months. The rainfall averages south of Cairo are 2 - 5 mm each year and sometimes frequent after quite a few years in essence. The temperatures within Egypt range between 80o F and 90 o F in summer while goes up to 109 o F in the area of the Red Sea coast. Thus the temperatures usually average within 55 o F and 70 o F in the winter season. There is a steady wind which blows from the northwestern region which makes the weather pleasant near the Mediterranean coast. The global warming regimes hamper Egypt’s densely populated coastal strip and the same could have ramifications for the country’s economy,

Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communication - Research Paper Example I was with my friends, and sometimes it was awkward getting up out of the raised barstool chairs with backs in order to meet and greet people who were coming and leaving the bar and grill. For the most part, people at my table did not violate other peoples' personal space. Everyone was pretty respectful. I cannot necessarily say the same for the people sitting at the bar. When I glanced over at the bar occasionally, people were leaning on the top of the bar and having their arms folded, or they had their arms pointing the direction of other customers. I'm sure it was a cozy atmosphere for many of those folks, and friendly too, I'm just not sure everyone at the bar had the equal amount of elbow room that is nice to have when one is sitting around the tabletop of a bar. One has to kind of edge in, sit on a barstool, and make oneself comfortable. Peoples' appearances were rather varied and interesting. Some people were dressed up. Some men wore a tie, but for the most part there were no men wearing suits. All the men seemed to be dressed casually but in nice polo shirts. The women for the most part dressed nicely as well, some more than others. Not many women had excessive jewelry or accessories. Some women didn't wear any jewelry at all, which I found quite surprising, because usually on the whole, women wear jewelry of some type. One woman who was a singer in the show had her hair professionally done and wore a modicum of jewelry but nothing too extreme. Another singer in a band which performed, who also was a woman, had absolutely no jewelry on. I thought the woman with the jewelry was prettier and had more substance as an artist than the woman without any decorative ornamentation at all. The woman who wore jewelry looked like she took care of herself better. Her nails were painted and nicely manicured as well. Overall, peoples' appearances were clean-cut but not professional in any sense of the word, except for one woman I did notice who was wearing a dress. Other than that, both men and women wore casual clothing and nothing extremely fancy or overdone. Peoples' communication, both verbal and non-verbal, was congruent for the most part. The people producing the show at the bar and grill were very nervous, looking at the crowd quite a bit and analyzing how many people were at the venue. They had promoted this event (mainly for the sake of their own band being filmed by ABC later on in the evening), and the people who put on the show were worried that they weren't going to get enough of a crowd in to see the artists/musicians play. For the most part, peoples' body language and what they didn't say was very telling. Few people avoided eye contact, which is a non-verbal behavior which people do when they are lying.1 I could tell some people were nervous or bored by the way we were holding conversation. Some people were just nervous to be in social settings, and other people were trying to act interested in making conversation

Discussion Article 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Article 5 - Essay Example In their method the researchers are seen to be comparing two approaches in order to test which actually yields the expected results (Varroud-Vial, 2011). The randomized trials are done on diabetic patients within a hospital setting. Although testing and trails is an advanced methodology used in quantitative research we can still see that this research actually used it to find the impacts that the use of one approach would have on the patients. By subjecting a group of patients to EMR’s and not the other they wanted to test the validity of the statement that they had come up earlier or the research question they had identified. The methodology was quite appropriate in this study because they needed to establish the validity of the statement. Tests are carried out in scientific research in order to qualify or disqualify a given fact and this was what was used in this study. In the second article titled Physicians and Electronic health records the authors wanted to know exactly what the use of electronic medical records by physicians was on the ground in hospitals as concerns. There were two questions proposed for this study and these asked whether the Electronic health records were available for use and secondly the degree to which the physicians used the Electronic health records. The methodology that was adopted for this study was a random survey and this involved a group of 1884 physicians in Massachusetts. The survey used structured questionnaires that required them to answer different issues as concerns addressing the two questions identified earlier. The questionnaires were then mailed to the participants. The questions assessed the following components: availability and use of HER functions, predictors of use and the relationships between HER use and physicians perceptions of medical practice (Simon, 2007). The sample population used

Concentration of enzymes Essay Example for Free

Concentration of enzymes Essay CONCLUSION: Based on the results obtained from the experiment it can be concluded that the concentration of enzymes influences the rate of a chemical reaction. If enzyme concentration is decreased then the reaction rate will also decrease. If there is sufficient enzyme to bind with substrate then the reaction will proceed fast and if there are insufficient enzymes present then the reaction will slow down DISCUSSION: It was predicted that with the increase of concentration of amylase solution, the time took to break down starch would decrease . This was proved correct , if basing on just these trials . The graph shows how with every single increase of the concentration , the amount of drops until the mixture fails to give a blue-black colour with iodine solution disappear decreased. This continually happened , without any outliers. The trend-line of the graph shows the predicted linear line in the relationship between concentration of amylase solution and the amount of drops until the mixture fails to give a blue-black colour with iodine solution. The amount of drops until the mixture fails to give a blue-black colour with iodine solution with a amylase concentration of 0.1% was found to be 12 drops, which was plotted on the graph. It can be presumed that a higher concentration of amylase is better because it does not take much time to break down the polysaccharide chains and a higher concentration helps to speed up this process. The amylase concentration of 0.1% took only 12 drops until the mixture fails to give a blue-black colour, while the amylase concentration of 0.05% took 21 drops , the amylase concentration of 0.025% took 24 drops and the amylase concentration of 0.01% took 28 drops. Because the purpose of an enzyme is to speed up a reaction, it is logical that amylase would have a higher concentration so it can take less time for it to do its purpose. At higher amylase concentration the time taken until the mixture fails to give a blue-black colour with iodine solution. Despite this, there are sources of error that need to be acknowledge. The trial proved difficult for some, sometimes yielding no results. Another source may be the mixing of the concentration.

Hofstede and Trompenaars Cultural Dimensions

Hofstede and Trompenaars Cultural Dimensions Hofstede stated 5 Cultural dimensions which can be used to investigate national preferences. To explain the variation of cultural dimensions in different countries, a chart illustrating all 5 Cultural dimensions is shown in Hong Kong, China and USA. Detailed explanations are given below: Power distance is the distance in the approach between the subordinates and seniors in an organization. The high Power Distance countries make use of Centralized decision making and the employees are less likely to question their seniors. Whereas, in low power distance there is decentralized organization structure and employees are more likely to question their seniors. In high Individualism, it is generally expected that people only take care of their loved ones like their immediate families, there is very less tendency that the people will work and belong to any groups. Countries with high Masculinity, there is high degree of gender differentiation and people will place much importance on recognition, challenges, wealth, earnings etc. whereas, countries with high femininity, importance is given to quality life, cooperation, friendly atmosphere, caring others etc. Uncertainty avoidance is how people feel and react in doubtful situations and has created beliefs to avoid such situations. In countries with high Uncertainty people believe on experts and their knowledge, there is need for security and people are not willing to take risks. Whereas, in low Uncertainty avoidance people tend to be ambitious and are ready to accepts unknown risks. The fifth cultural dimension was studied by using Questionnaire in various countries around the globe. Long Term Orientation deals with good moral values regardless of truth. In Long Term Orientation the values such as Perseverance, thrift play vital role, while respect in beliefs, principles in society and binding oneself by social duties are associated with Short Term Orientation (Hofstede and Bond, 1984). Trompenaar Cultural dimensions: Universalism and Particularism: According to Trompenaar, the culture assigns the importance either to the rules or personal relationships. In Universalism culture people share belief that the rules, values and law are more important than personal or other relationships while, in Particularism cultures people focus more on human friendship or personal relationships. Individualism and Communitarism: Trompenaar Individualism and Communitarism cultural dimension carry the same meaning with Hofstedes Individualism. As explained above, the culture differences are illustrated as to whether people function more as individuals or in groups. Specific and Diffuse: In Specific cultures such as Denmark, the interactions between people are well defined viz the interactions are tending to criticize their juniors directly and openly, people tend to concentrate on hard facts, standards. In diffuse cultures like Russia, the criticism is considered a personal matter and may form a part of losing value or prestige. Affectivity and Neutrality: Affectivity and neutrality cultural dimension provides a degree in which people show their feelings. In Affectivity cultures, individuals express feelings naturally and openly. People talk loudly, show happiness or unhappiness, greet with enthusiasm etc. whereas in Neutral cultures, people tend to hide their emotions. Achievement and Ascription: In Achievement cultures, members are awarded official position depending on job performances, whereas, in Ascription cultures, members are respected or awarded official positions depending on ethnic groups, age, family, gender etc. In Sequential time cultures, people generally perform duties sequentially i.e. perform only one duty at a given time. While, in Synchronous time cultures people are flexible, handling several duties at a single point of time. Inner and Outer directed: It is set of people who believe that environment can be controlled versus a set of people who believes environment controls them. In Inner directed cultures, people believe that it is in humans hand and right a expertise knowledge can control nature; In outer directed cultures people believe that nature is not in their control and therefore they should live and change themselves according to the nature or environment. Source: Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars, (1993). Hofstede and Trompenaar helped to explain cultural differences with help of various cultural dimensions. Below table provides information on Trompenaar cultural dimensions with respect to various countries around globe. Thus, it can be seen that the cultural dimensions provided by Hofstede and Trompenaar help to better understand various cultures and thus they help to investigate different national preferences. Strengths and Weakness of Hofstede and Trompenaar: Inherent bias between Hofstede and Trompenaar and ways to overcome Inherent bias: To show the inherent bias between Hofstede and Trompenaar an association between national metrics on individualism and national sales data of i branded phones is demonstrated. The analysis shown in Table 1 reveals the bias on individualism criterion of Hofstede and Trompenaars (Burns and Bush, 2006 cited by Veerapa and Hemmert, 2010). The lack of precision can be overcome by using diagnostic tools like SPSS (Wilcox, 2001). SPSS helps to correct the deviations and presents post hoc test outputs which can be analyzed (Burns and Bush, 2006 cited by Veerapa and Hemmert, 2010). Hofstede Improvement model: In Hofstedes model it has been seen that the model merely assumes uniformity. Hence, there is a need to study diversity, richness of institutions and their practices. Presently, intense debates, reviews on interaction, structure and conceptualization are available on immediate basis. We should be engaged and involve in using theories of action, which can deal with multiple influences, change and variety, situational non-national variability, power and difficulties on individual subjects instead of seeking explanations from the conceptual lacuna for assumed national uniformity (McSweeney, 2002). Comparison between different models: Most of the cultural literatures have discussed and pointed towards core values of culture which helps to identify difference between cultures. Hofstede proposed that the most efficient method to modify the process of thinking is to change individual behaviour (Schwartz, 1999 and Hofstede, 1980). Project GLOBE has focused and illustrated effects of leadership qualities on various cultures and examined charismatic leadership at three levels industry type, national and organizational- nested within each other (House et al., 1999). The fit between management practices and cultural characteristics is considered to play a vital role in implementing a successful management team (Aycan et al., 2000). Nevertheless, Hofstede and Harzing, (1996) proposed that only few studies were able to examine or only few theories realized that the culture itself changes over period of time. Schein (1992) proposed a cultural dimension which reflects on the levels of visibility. Drawing on Scheins proposal, cultural theories vary depending on concentration on the different layers of culture. Many cultural theories concentrate on the middle portion; values specialized in between visible and invisible parts of culture (House et al., 1999; Hofstede, 1980; Inglehart and Baker, 2000). The association between change in economic development and work values was studied by Inglehart and Baker (2000) and both found noticeable cultural changes. Very few models concentrate on the visible and the external layer of practices and behaviors, Trompenaar assessed or judged the differences in cross-cultures with respect to behaviours, driven by values (Trompenaars, 1994; House et al., 1999). Multiple levels of cross cultures are shown in Figure 1: Most of the cross cultural research focused on national level, illustrating differentiation in cross cultures with regards to national values (House et al., 1999; Hofstede, 1980). Berson, Erez and Adler, (2004) proposed the formation of interdependent and multinational work teams helps to minimize the complexity in workplace within and across borders. The interdependent teams help the companies to bridge cultural gaps and assure smooth coordination and communication. Even the CEOs has consistently emphasized the interdependence and connectedness in their speeches. Hall (1976) studied high and low context cultures. Environment is important for the people belonging to high context cultures and they rely on interpretation i.e. make use of non-verbal signals during communication, whereas, in low context cultures non-verbal signals are often ignored and environment is less important. Hall model does not rank different countries and is built on qualitative insights and the model does not provide numerical data and hence, comparisons can only be on subjective basis. Problems for Expatriates: This section discusses differences in organizational styles and cultural patterns between Japanese and German staff members in Dusseldorf region of western Germany, and issues they encounter for morale, communication and co-operation. As English not being the native language for both Japanese and Germans, a sizable amount of Japanese firms in Dusseldorf region remark on communication problems and stress between Japanese expatriates and local staff members. There is also a contrast on subject of politeness, Japanese staff are recognized for considering the politeness to great extents; a distinct Japanese politeness syndrome is unwillingness to say no with firmness, which confuses the foreigners and Westerners find it disingenuous, whereas, Germans suffer the reputation for being arrogant, blunt and curt. The Germans see the standoffishness of Japanese as an obstacle to pleasant office relationships. German managers found it difficult and comment that even after continuous efforts they are not in a position to socialize with Japanese expatriate teams. The isolation and the size of Dusseldorf region helped to put a belief on German side, that Japanese are reclusive and clannish by character. The Japanese were annoyed by German curtness and Germans were bothered by Japanese unfriendliness (Lincoln et al., 1995). The Japanese expect forthright assumption of guilt and produced apologies in places where the Europeans find it inappropriate and unnecessary. In Japanese firms the acceptance of failures of ones duties is an obligation to European (Wall Street Journal, 1989), as the Westerners impulse to shift blame to others and defend oneself. Some differences also occur on the decision making process as for Japanese its bottom-up command and control while for Germans its reverse (Kieser, 1990; Lincoln et al., 1990). More, the Japanese hire employees as generalists and not as specialists. The Germans found the appraisal style inconvenient because the Japanese appraisal style judges long-term achievements and performances and not present performances (Endo, 1994). If the company wants to reward the younger ambitious local hires for their appropriate skills, the company was not able to do so, because of the morale issues of appraisal system of Japanese business cultures, due to which the problem of inequality arise. Expatriates Managers motivating and leading staff: Research has shown that the styles of leading staff, motivating and communicating vary among countries (Adler and Gundersen, 2008). To motivate and to understand the motivation drivers of the employees, an expatriate manager should have a broad idea about real root values of different cultures (Sergeant and Frenkel, 1998). Work placement motivation plays an important role so that the employees work effectively and organization can achieve their goals. In multi-culture environment the motivation factors will vary from person to person, so the organization should use different motivational tools. One of the strongest motivational factors is probably the development of an appropriate reward system; this can influence both employee motivation and job satisfaction (Hickins, 1998 cited by Albu, 2009). The people motivations may vary depending on their emphasis on income, more number of contacts, security in job or feeling of accomplishment. The attributes and roles chosen by experienced expatriate managers in leading their teams are not constant and may vary in different contexts. Finnish expatriates in various countries indicated different perceptions of leadership, examined by Suutari (1996). For examples, an expatriate from Germany commented that the softness in Scandinavian is inappropriate and claim for receiving respect from subordinates a person should be more authoritative. Similarly, if a manager from a different culture is working in France, he should avoid participating in groups, as he would not succeed to get any ideas from his colleagues and nothing will work if he did not take a decision himself. An expatriate in UK was advised to make use of directive style and be more rigorous. Whereas, in Thailand good leadership qualities are associated with moral values like to sacrifice, to think about majority and not only about their families. A successful leadership style must be appropriate to the context within which it is exercised (Mead, 2005, p. 133). PART 2 Preparation for Expatriates and their relatives: After reviewing various research articles following were the requirements found for preparing an expatriate for successful mission. The companies need to employ rigorous and sophisticated pre-move policies to expatriates along with their families, which include personality and psychometric testing, cross-cultural and language training (Forster, 2000). Many researchers like Mendenhall and Oddou, 1986; Tung, 1981; Brislin, 1981, Smith and Still, 1997; Bochner, 1982; Forster, 2000, Brislin et al, 1986 have strongly emphasized on cultural empathy during expatriate trainings. Cross cultural training is broadly classified into 6 types by Tung (1982): 1] Using information containing facts such as information on housing, schools, weather, and geographical location. 2] Cultural preferences or tendencies, information such as the value systems of host country. 3] Cultural Assimilation programs which help to describe cross cultural experiences. 4] Linguistic training 5] Sensitivity training, helps developing confidence in particular situations. 6] Exposure to other cultures by means of field experiences, which will help to get a feel of emotional pressures. According to Brewster and Pickard (1994) following should be the cultural training programs for expatriates: 1] a cognizance about major emphasize on influencing cultural behaviours 2] Mandatory knowledge which is required when dealing in different situations. 3] Developing emotional maturity and acquiring skills to help psychological adjustments when working abroad. Thus following can be the relevant training programs, which can be used to prepare an expatriate. How Cross cultural Training programs support Expatriates and their relatives: The cross-cultural and linguistic training introduces the employee the importance of cultures and help to sensitise the actual differences in cultures. The training programs help expatriates to become vigilant of unavoidable psychological stress which usually happens when individual tries to adapt in foreign cultures (Forster, 2000). Cross cultural training and language training helps to built cross cultural competency skills and add on social and professional skills, knowledge, coping techniques and factual information to expatriates and helps to create an artificial make-up. Training programs also helps to provide relevant information on the living and working styles of the host country. Cultural, political, economic information and information on cultural awareness helps expatriates to understand the foreign culture in more suitable and personal way, all these factors work at intellectual or mental process of the expatriate. More, cross-cultural training also consist of learning activities which are purely based on experience combining mental process and behavioural techniques which help to reinforce the assimilation of information on occasions like experimenting alternative response strategies and simulating critical incidents. It is also believed that, cross cultural training helps to acquire an intercultura l effectiveness skill which improve families and personal adjustments overseas. Such skills include building relationships, effective cross cultural communication, transition stress management, cultural awareness, improving managerial decision making, negotiation techniques and conflicts resolution (Kealey and Protheroe, 1996). Nevertheless, as per Gertsen (1990) literature, excluding the training, for a successful expatriate mission, lot more depends on the employees personal traits like openness, self confidence, good communication skills, intelligence, optimism, tolerance, empathy, independence, initiative and willingness to change. Requirements for working in multi-culture environment: Intercultural competence plays an important role and is necessary, when a member of a cross-cultural team needs to build strong relationship with other nationalities. Due to intercultural competence the member is able to exchange verbal non-verbal levels of behaviour (Dinges, 1983; McCroskey, 1982; Spitzberg, 1983). Research delineated important features of inter-cultural competence such as ability to develop and maintain relationships, personal traits like inquisitiveness and effectively sharing information with others (Black and Gregersen, 2000; Mendenhall, 2001). Apart from knowledge of language and culture, Intercultural competence also involves affectivity and behavioural skills like charisma, empathy, friendliness, ability to control uncertainty and anxiety (Gudykunst, 1998; Spiess, 1998). There are three parts of intercultural competence, sufficient cultural knowledge, appropriate skills and Personality Orientation. The managers in USA and Russia have associated high performing cross cultural teams with clearly understanding their approach for team goals, equipped with complementary skills, working with expertise teams, and tremendous commitment with relatively higher degree of motivation, clear responsibilities of team roles, cultural sensitivity, cooperative team climate and access to technology (Matveev and Milter, 2004). To work effectively with multi cultural teams the managers need to know and understand the culture of a person with whom they are interacting, their behaviour patterns during conflict situations, and information about their personality, life experiences, demographics etc. Manager of diverse cultures needs to be vigilant with regards to the interests, resources of different cultures and diversity of perspectives, to obtain all this information the manager requires high level of intercultural communication competence (Matveev et al., 2002). Lessons drawn from tutorials and classes From tutorials and classes, we gathered knowledge which helped critical analysis of contexts and issues relating to business and management operating across cultures. Various aspects of cultural diversity and national cultures have been explored. International HRM has become a strategic asset of many organisations and play vital role in implementing and developing policies on cross cultural management. We learnt differences between cultures, their relations when working in organisations, businesses and the way people from different cultures interact and communicate. It was also observed that if the variety of cultures is ignored, the organisations suffer from conflicts and underperform. From the principle theories of cross cultures I explored the effects of cultural diversity on leadership, negotiation, communication, motivation and ethics in organisations. Through critical analysis the awareness among cultural differences was raised, while reinforcing behaviours and skills that can help managers to adjust in such differences. The main focus of study was on management of International Business and there was seen a strong emphasis on cultural differences between European, Asian, Anglo-American and African. How multicultural awareness can be raised and stereotyping be decreased To raise multi cultural awareness, Sleeter (1992) given importance to multicultural professional development programs and awareness building inservice programs. Sleeter observations revealed that after completion of these programs, teachers greatest change was increased attention to Black students and increased the usage of cooperative learning activities. Multi-cultural awareness can also be raised through well-prepared induction programmes incorporating cultural awareness training. Professional counselling across cultures could also provide effective help to raise cultural awareness (Skinner, 2010). Sue et al. (1982) suggested three dimensions of cross cultural counselling competencies: knowledge, awareness and skills. The counsellor needs certain cultural specific knowledge and must be aware of potential cultural differences. Thus, cross-cultural training and cultural competencies raise multicultural awareness. Stewart et al., 2009 proposed the success of a modern technique Situational Attribution Training Technique to minimize the underlying stereotyping. White participants were trained extensively to choose situational over dispositional explanations for negative stereotype-consistent behaviors performed by Black men (Stewart et al. 2009, p. 221). Reduced racial stereotyping was demonstrated by the individuals who finished their Situational Attribution Training. More, the impact of Stereotyping can be minimized by bringing together different cultural members and when these members come together they notice that other persons are not as stereotype as considered, this proof makes a disagreement, which finally helps in improving thinking about stereotypes. Words: 3,179